Standardization

Standardization advise sometimes abbreviated s13n in medical circles and regulate by FDA, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. It can also be viewed as a mechanism for optimizing economic use of scarce resources such as forests, which are threatened by paper manufacture. Also there are guidelines standardization in the electrical system, an example, all of Europe now uses 230 volt, 50 Hz AC mains grids and GSM cell phones, and forcasting ondas, further measures lengths at least officially is in meters for american system.

Common use of the word standard implies that it is a universally agreed upon set of guidelines for interoperability. However, the plurality of standards-issuing organizations means that in many cases, a document purporting to be a "standard" does not necessarily have the support of many parties. As Andrew S. Tanenbaun said, "The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from".

In the context of business information exchanges, standardization refers to the process of developing data exchange standards for specific business processes using specific syntaxes. These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS).
A standard can be open or not (proprietary).

There are many worldwide standards and drafts (for example, for the standardization of power cords) developed and maintained by the ISO, the IEC, and the ITU.
Many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the Internet are de facto standards. To preserve the word "standard" as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISO, the W3C, for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes "Requests for Comments" (RFCs). These publications are often informally referred to as being standards.

Such change will enable delayed making of manufacturing or procurement decisions, thus.
Note: the three levels of standardization in ascending order are compatibility interchangeability, and regulations commonality. In statistics, standardization refers to conversion to standard scores. In test theory, standardization refers to measurements or assessments conducted under exact, specified, and repeatable conditions. In supply chain management, standardization refers to approaches for increasing commonality of part, process, product or reducing variability found in having many non-standard components.

"Five Star Hotel"
A front on view of the Hotel Burj-al-Arab Seven Star

Hotel Burj-al-Arab
However, regardless of what public or private agency performs the classification, the term five star hotel is always associated with the ultimate Luxury (and, by implication, expense). The lack of standardization has allowed marketing-driven inflation, with some hotels claiming six stars; the Burj al-Arab markets itself as "the world's first Seven-Star hotel." Well-established prestige hotels are usually content to claim the traditional five and some additional facilities standard upmost.

General meaning of rating by stars

The five categories can be describing (loosely) as follows:
• * (one star) — low budget hotel, inexpensive, may not have maid service or room service, most people could afford to stay there one or more nights.
• ** (two stars) — budget hotel, slightly more expensive, usually has maid service daily.
• *** (three stars) — middle class hotel, moderately priced, has daily maid service, room service, and may have dry-cleaning, Internet access, and a swimming pool.
• **** (four stars) — first class hotel, expensive (by middle-class standards), has all of the previously mentioned services, has many "luxury" services (for example: massages or a health spa).
• ***** (five stars) — luxury hotel, most expensive hotels/resorts in the world, numerous extras to enhance the quality of the client's stay (for example: some have private Golf Courses and even a small private Airport).

According to the excellence in its restaurants services and express services some hotels can having the AAA and their affiliated bodies use Diamonds instead of stars to express hotel and restaurant ratings levels.

Traditional systems rest heavily on the facilities provided, which is often disadvantageous to smaller hotels whose quality of accommodation could fall into one class but the lack of an item such as an elevator would prevent it from reaching a higher categorization.

Commercial Hotel

The word hotel derives from the French hôtel, which referred to a French version of a townhouse, not a place offering accommodation (in contemporary usage, hôtel has the meaning of "hotel", and hôtel particular is used for the old meaning). The French spelling (with the circumflex) was once also used in English, but is now rare. The circumflex replaces the 's' once preceding the 't' in the earlier Hostel spelling, which over time received a new, but closely related meaning.
The term commercial property includes business property (e.g. office buildings), industrial property, medical centers, hotels, malls, retail stores. Commercial property is intended to be operated at a profit, either from capital gain or from rental income.

Resort Hotel

The term resort is sometimes misused to identify a Hotel that does not meet the requirements of a resort. However, a hotel is frequently the central feature of a resort.
Resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation. As a result, people tend to seek out a resort for holidays or vacations. Generally, a resort is distinguished by a large selection of activities, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping.

Destination Resort

A resort is sometimes calling a destination resort. This is a common usage when the facility provides food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping within the facility so that customers have no need to leave the facility once they arrive. Commonly these facilities are of higher quality than would be expected if one were to stay at a hotel or eat in a town's restaurants.

Luxury Resorts

Luxury resort, sometimes referred to as an exclusive resort, is a very expensive vacation facility, which is fully staffed and has been rated with five stars. Luxury resorts often boast many visitor activities and attractions such as golf, watersports, Spa and beauty facilities, skiing, natural ecology and tranquility. There are luxury resorts all over the world from North American to the Caribbean and South America, from Europe to Asia, Africa to the Middle East, and the South Pacific to Australia.
A luxury resort is an elite luxury property, which exhibits an exceptionally high degree of customer service and hospitality. A flawless execution of guest services will be the resort staff's and managements main concern. A luxury resort will commonly also feature a superb architectural interior and exterior design as well as an interesting physical location.
The Interior design will normally be elegant with stylish bedroom decor, exceptional dining facilities, and manicured landscaping and meticulous grounds. Luxury resorts will often also be in based in exceptionally desirable and strategic worldwide locations, from beautiful Tropical Islands, to snow caked mountains, to scenic lakes and rivers, to exhilarating cities. The locations will often be famous for featured activities from skiing to golf, water spots, diving, fishing, sailing and nature walks to glamorous shopping and nightlife entertainment.
A luxury resort may vary greatly in character, style and theme from resort to resort. A luxury resort will, however, normally be characterized by a high level of luxury, sophistication and off course price. Accommodations are first class, whether they follow a classic and traditional nature or a more minimalist and modern styling. An unmatched level of comfort will be available at a luxury resort, as well as many personalized services and amenities.

Pros and cons of all-inclusive resorts

A frequent critique of all-inclusive resorts is that they do not help the local economy or that they damage the local environment. People who hold this view usually cite the fact that most resorts are located in relatively remote areas away from major local population centers, making it hard for the people staying there to see any local sights or patronize local business. They also say that most resorts are owned and run by large multinational corporations, such as Club Med, Sandals or Hedonism Resorts thus diverting money away from local companies.

Proponents of all-inclusive resorts point to the fact that these resorts usually bring large numbers of visitors to the country, who must travel through local airports and towns to arrive at the resort. They also state that the resorts provide jobs in areas that are economically impoverished and away from the major centre.

As professional in marketing and tourism, I believe that all investments in resorts and hotels are a large development aid for the economical sector, and they are the greatest opportunity of any sorts of jobs at this sector and also helping with the generation of monetary standards to the ecominics of the countries that offer its nature reverves like land trademark.

Whereas, necessary that the governmental authorities must becoming the adequate controller and regulations to preserver and take into local environment and forest care with projects

depeveloping of environment and reverves forests, which as involving the hotelerier investments.

Greenhouse effect

The atmosphere is normally warmed when infrared radiation emitted by the Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide gas and water vapor in the atmosphere. It has been hypothesized that as the amount of carbon dioxide increases due to the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation, especially of tropical rain forests, more heat energy will be retained by the Earth's atmosphere, resulting in a rise in its temperature.

This in turn could result in changes in rainfall and wind patterns and melting of polar ice, thus raising the global sea level. The change in weather patterns could have devastating consequences to the world's present prime agricultural areas. A significant rise in sea level could flood many coastal cities and damage ecologically important coastal wetlands. Other gases with global warming potential whose concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing in the atmosphere as a result of human activities are methane, nitrous oxide, the chlorofluorocarbons and the perfluorocarbons.

click here Green Facts

American Hotel & Motel Association (AH&MA)

Exchange Information and Ideas Pertinent To E-Business in the Hospitality Industry

AH&MA, founded in 1910, is a federation of state lodging associations throughout the United States with some 11,000 members worldwide, representing more than 1.4 million rooms. AH&MA provides operations, technical, educational, marketing, and communications services plus governmental affairs representation to the lodging industry.
The American Hotel & Motel Association (AH&MA) has formed an E-Business Committee to exchange information and ideas pertinent to e-business in the hospitality industry. Defined as "the collective business strategies and business processes influenced or enabled by the Internet and electronic technologies," e-business is becoming a vital tool that enables companies to conduct business online.

The committee's primary goals include serving as an informing and objective resource for information and education on the topics of hospitality e-business; initiating better decision making on evolving issues relevant to e-business and enabling Internet and electronic technologies; disseminating information on e-business through all appropriate means such as publications, seminars, Web sites, speeches, articles, think-tanks sessions, and media interviews; serving as a venue for the exchange of information and ideas; and supporting AH&MA in legislative efforts applicable to e-business and e-commerce.

"The world of technology continues to evolve rapidly and e-business is becoming a fundamental part of companies' overall business strategies," said Committee Staff Liaison Richard Jackson, AH&MA vice president-chief information officer. "Through this committee, we will explore the many possibilities of e-business as well as provide a forum for discussion and understanding among hospitality technology leaders

The rating systems most used worldwide

Characteristics inherent in Hotel to take into care:

1- The product is perishable a room not tonight sold tonight is lost forever
2- The location and product inventory (rooms) are fixed they cannot be moved as demand patterns change.
3- Entry into the business takes large amounts of capital creating huge fixed costs that necessitate high occupancies to achieve a break-even level of volume.
4- Activity is seasonal with all the adjunct problems of operating an ebb and flow business.

GOP

Gross Operating Profit is the result of Sales minus operating costs that excluding financial charges and exceptional PL items. To obtain the PBT (Profit Before Taxes), we subtract from GOP charges as debt interests, specific restructuring costs and non recurrent expenses and add non-operating income.

There are numerous variations and permutations depend of following aspect

• Hotels differ in size as measured in number of rooms,
• Category in class of services provided,
• Type of hotel depend in purpose of use,
• Kind of plan offered meals provided or not.
• Cruise lines and conference centers include the full American plan (All-inclusive).

How to determine the rate in Hostelry:

Average Daily Rate -ADR: permit to the Hotel expressing in dollars and cents, represents the revenues ability to earn a given level of dollars per room sold. ADR is measure of room rates actually paid by guests rather than room rates quoted to them. ADR is obtaining by dividing the total revenue from all room sales for the period (day, week, month and year) by the total rooms sold for that period: room sales (dollars), number of rooms sold. In addition, it has been classify and formalized these differences into rating systems as a service to travelers. Room rate is one measure that consumers use to rate hotels, but it serves managers, owners and lenders equally well. Percentage of occupancy (a ratio of the number of rooms sold to the number of rooms available) is another standardized measurement. Outside of the U.S.A, most countries, along with the international organizations that monitor the business, use a percentage of bed occupancy a ratio of the number of beds sold to the number of beds available.

Also, in order to maintain organize all account is important including a description of the checks and balances used to protect the hotels from financial losses and errors. For doing it is necessary maintaining an upgrade the account of TT.OO, check all bonuses every day and registration forms organized.

The cost and quality of hotels are usually indicative of the range and type of services available. Due to the enormous increase in tourism worldwide during the last decades of the 20th century, standards, especially those of smaller establishments, have improved considerably. For the sake of greater comparability, rating systems have been introduced, with the one to five stars classification being most common.

Stars are often using as symbols for classification purposes. In particular, a set of one to five stars is employing to categorize hotels.

The cycle that dictates the economic can put ups and downs of the hotel industry.

In marketing, a brand is a collection of feelings toward an economic producer. Feelings are created by the accumulation of experiences with the brand, both directly relating to its use, and through the influence of advertising, design, and media commentary. A brand is a symbolic embodiment of all the information connected to a company, product or service. A brand serves to create associations and expectations among products made by a producer. A brand often includes an explicit logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols, which are developing to represent implicit values, ideas, and even personality.
The brand, and "branding" and Brand Equity have become increasingly massive components of culture and the economy, now being described as "cultural accessories.
The Modern Hotel Industry, the character of the industry is still shaped by travel and transportation, but other components also impact on the industry is still shaped by travel and transportation, historically, transportation dictated the composition of the Inn. Among these are now methods of marketing and distribution; new approaches to ownership and finance; and new concepts of management structure and product delivery. Each impacts on operations, especially that of the front office. No longer is the norm that of a single guest making a single reservation directly with the hotel. A host of intermediaries has been interposed between the guest and the hotel. If for reservations, folio settlements with credit cards, telephone system, incentive packaging, or whatever, intermediaries have taken on the hotel’s business. Mass travel and group business.

What stage of the cycle is the cycle is the hotel industry currently in? How do you know that.

Conventions and trade shows, which mix group and individual business reservations, are contrasting to incentive groups and single entity bookings, purer forms of group business market. Tour and wholesale packages, the leisure side of group business, emphasize the elasticity of price and demand. The chapter starts and concludes with a discussion of segmentation: the shattering of one industry definition into many pieces. Changes in the hotel product reflect the changing demands of buyer/guest. Buyers of products expect choice in auto models, choice in financial instruments, and choice in beers. So too, in lodging, which has been segmented into categories and subcategories. Segmentation gives rise to examples of budget, limited service, and hard budget subdivisions within the economy sector itself one division within an ever-segmenting industry.

One tend seems contradictory to lodging’s segmentation. As whole, commercial hotels grow more like resorts even as resort hotels mirror their commercial counterparts. The former add recreational facilities like Spa’s and running tracks. The latter their operating year by filling the house with meeting and conventions groups. Simply put: there is no single definition of a hotel; indeed, nor for industry itself.

I am knowing it, because a Good marketer (business person) must be constantly gathering all information necessary about their customers, in order to offer them a better service and, the most important to retain them as loyal customers.

Up dating our knowledges and skills through reading and listening and watching on TV all about a new tendencies in advance Scientific and technological.

Grande Dame

The Omni William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh's Grande Dame, is in the final stages of a $22 million renovation that has been underway since August 2001. This elegant, historic landmark has been owned since February 15, 2001 by Omni Hotels.
According to Lesli Reynolds, general manager of the Omni William Penn Hotel, "This renovation has been such an exciting project for everyone as we strive to bring back the elegance and timeless beauty that guests have come to expect and enjoy in this hotel. Omni's decision to purchase the hotel branch.

Segmentation

In lodging, has been segmenting into categories and subcategories. Segmentation gives rise to examples of budget, limited service, and hard-budget, subdivisions within the economy sector, itself one division within an even-segmenting industry. One trend seems contradictory to lodging’s segmentation. As an overall, commercial hotels grow more as resort hotels mirror their commercial counterparts.

Amenity Creep

In the context of residential Real estate and rentals, amenities are offered by builders of planned developments as non-monetary benefits to entice prospective homeowners towards their property, available for sale or even for rent. These amenities may be in the form of tangible benefits e.g. parks, swimming pools, health-club facilities, party rooms, bike paths, community centers, doorman, garage, pet-friendly home, etc. Intangible benefits are "pleasant view", "sun-lit living room" etc. which add to the living comforts.

Real Estate Investment Trust

Real estate, or immovable property, is a legal term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered realty), in contrast with personal property (also sometimes called chattel synonymous with real property (also sometimes called or personalty). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate.

Condominium

A condominium, or condo for short, is a form of housing tenure. It is the legal term used in the United States and in most provinces of Canada for a type of joint ownership of real property in which portions of the property are commonly owned and other portions are individually owned. In Australia and the Canadian province of British Columbia, the legal term for this is known as strata title. In Québec, it is known as syndicates of co-ownership. Colloquially, the term "condo" is often used to refer to the apartment unit itself in place of the term "apartment". This clearly signifies ownership of the property.
The rules for condominium government or management are established in a document commonly called a declaration of condominium. The owners and occupiers of condominiums are subject to rules in the declaration of condominium or created by the condominium association, such as paying required monthly fees for maintaining the property's common areas. Condominiums are commonly owned in fee simple title, but can be owned in ways other real estate can be owned, such as title held in trust. Owners can typically rent their condominiums to other people to occupy as tenants, similar to renting out other real estate.

Non-residential condominiums

Condominium ownership is also used, albeit less frequently, for non-residential land uses like offices, hotel rooms, retail shops, and group housing facilities like retirement homes or dormitories. The legal structure is the same, and many of the benefits are similar; for instance, a nonprofit corporation may face a lower tax liability in an office condominium than in an office rented from a taxable, for-profit company. However, the frequent turnover of commercial land uses in particular can make the inflexibility of condominium arrangements problematic.

Studio rooms:

Studio rooms are perfect for the individual traveler. Indulge in the serenity of our fine European-style, 250 thread-count linens that make up the bed and find clean, comfortable guest rooms with all the necessities for an unforgettable stay. In addition to these first-class luxuries, all accommodations utilize our latest in high-tech and high-TOUCH guestroom amenities, including the Alarm Clock Radio complete with an MP3 connection. Create a personalized in-room listening system using your iPods, CD players and other portable devices. Each room has bed providing a plush-top mattress to provide plenty of support and luxury. Rooms have individually controlled heat/air conditioning, iron, ironing board, hair dryer and coffeemaker. USA Today delivered to each room (M-F). Each room has a standard desk with lamp and high-speed internet access is available in all rooms (nominal fee).

Property Management System (PMS)

It is all posting was done by paper and pencil from vouchers (charge forms signed by guests forwarded to the desk from the various operating departments of the hotel.

Timeshare

A timeshare is a form of vacation property ownership. With timeshares, the use and costs of running the resort are shared among the owners. While the majority of timeshares are condominium vacation resorts, developers have applied the timeshare model to houseboats, yachts, campgrounds and motor homes.
The notion of a timeshare was originally created in Europe in the 1960s. Ski resort developer in the French Alps innovatively marketed his resort by encouraging guests to "stop renting a room" and instead "buy the hotel". The developer was successful in increasing occupancy and the idea spread worldwide. While a useful tool for many, the timeshare industry has also become a magnet for attracting illegal and barely legal methods for the sale and resale of property.
Types and sizes of timeshare units
Timeshare properties tend to be apartment-style units ranging in size from studio units (with room for two) to three and four-bedroom units. These larger units can comfortably house large families. Timeshare units normally include fully equipped kitchens with a dining area, dishwasher, televisions, VCRs and more. It is not uncommon to have washers and dryers either in the unit or easily accessible on the resort. Kitchens are equipped to the size of the unit, so that a unit that sleeps four should have at least four glasses, plates, forks, knives, spoons, and bowls so that all four guests can sit and eat at once.
Timeshare units are usually listing by how many the unit will sleep and how many the unit will sleep privately.
• Sleeps 2/2 would normally be a one bedroom or studio
• Sleeps 6/4 would normally be a two bedroom with a sleeper sofa
Sleep privately refers to the number of guests who will not have to walk through another guests sleeping area to use a restroom. Timeshare resorts tend to be strict on the number of guests per unit. Unit size can effect demand at a given resort where a two-bedroom unit may be in higher demand than a one-bedroom unit at the same resort. The same does not hold true comparing resorts in different locations. A one bedroom with a great location may still be in higher demand than a resort with less demand. An example of this may be a one bedroom at a great beach resort compared to two-bedroom unit at a resort located domestic from the same beach.
The concept of vacation timeshare has also been extended to luxury items such as planes and luxury cars.

Franchise

Franchising (from the French for free) is a method of doing business wherein a franchisor licenses trademarks and tried and proven methods of doing business to a franchisee in exchange for a recurring payment, and usually a percentage piece of gross sales or gross profits as well as the annual fees. Various tangibles and intangibles such as national or international advertising, training, and other support services are commonly made available by the entity licensing the 'chain store' or franchise outlet (commonly shortened to the one word: franchise), and may indeed be required by the franchisor, which generally requires audited books, and may subject the franchisee or the outlet to periodic and surprise spot checks. Failure of such tests typically involve non-renewal or cancellation of franchise rights.
According to Financial Times, if sales by US franchise businesses were translated into national product, they would qualify as the 7th largest economy in the world.
For example, a vending machine operator may receive a franchise for a particular kind of vending machine, including a trademark and a royalty, but no method of doing business. This is calling product or trade name franchising.
The parties involved typically enter a franchise agreement, which binds the parties together through contractual provisions. This is an arrangement whereby someone with an idea for a business (the franchisor), sells to another person (the franchisee) the rights to use the business's name, sell a product, or provide a service to someone else. A franchise agreement will usually specify the given territory the franchisee retains exclusive control over (the area protection), as well as the extent to which the franchisee will be supported by the franchisor (e.g. training and marketing campaigns). Most franchisee agreements, however, do not provide the franchisee with area protection because of the disparity in bargaining power between franchisors and franchisees.
Franchising dates back to at least the 1850s; Isaac Singer, who made improvements to an existing model of a sewing machine, wanted to increase the distribution of his sewing machines. His effort, though unsuccessful in the long run, was among the first franchising efforts in the U.S. A slightly later, yet much more successful, example of franchising was John S. Pemberton's franchising of Coca-Cola. Early American examples include the telegraph system, which was operated by various railroad companies but controlled by Western Union, and exclusive agreements between automobile manufacturers and operators of local dealerships.
Modern franchising came to prominence with the rise of franchise-based food service establishments. This trend started as early as 1919 with quick service restaurants such as A&W Root Beer In 1935, Howard Deering Johnson teamed up with Reginald Sprague to establish the first modern restaurant franchise. The idea was to let independent operators use the same name, food, supplies, logo and even building design in exchange for a fee.
The growth in franchises picked up steam in the 1930s when such chains as Howard Johnson's started franchising motels. The 1950s saw a boom of franchise chains in conjunction with the development of America's Interstate Highway System. Fast food restaurants, diners and motel chains exploded. In regards to contemporary franchise chains, McDonalds is arguably the most successful worldwide with more restaurant units than any other franchise network.

The differences among franchise, company-owned, management contracts, and management-lease arrangements.

The term "franchising" is used to describe a wide variety of business systems which may or may not fall into the legal definition provided above.
The Franchise Company and Management Company have much in common. Both sell intangibles and both earn fees from those sales. The management company is paid for its managerial skills, the franchisor for the right to use its name, its reservation system and its operational investments. When business was poor, franchise and management companies took fees up front and the hotel owner stood the losses or profits. The franchisee gets influences from affiliating with a big company, but retains the rights of an independent businessperson.
Management contracts involve not just selling a method of doing things (as with franchising or licensing) but involves actually doing them. A management contract can involve a wide range of functions, such as technical operation of a production facility, management of personnel, accounting, marketing services and training. Property manager relations with Tenants gives a face to the Landlord and provides them the necessary bumper servicing their desire to profit and distance themselves from their tenant community.

Management contract

Management contract is an arrangement under which operational control of an enterprise is vested by contract in a separate enterprise which performs the necessary managerial functions in return for a fee. Many hotels, especially in Asia, operate under management contract arrangements, as they can more easily obtain economies of scale, a global reservation systems, brand recognition etc. It is not unusual for contracts to be signed for 25 years, and having a fee as high as 3.5% of total revenues and 6-10% of gross operating profit. The Marriott International Corporation operates solely on management contracts.
Management contracts have been used to a wide extent in the airline industry, and when foreign government action restricts other entry methods. Management contracts are often formed where there is a lack of local skills to run a project. It is an alternative to foreign direct investment as it does not involve as high risk and can yield higher returns for the company.

Leasing

Lease or tenancy is the right to use or occupy personal property or real property given by a lessor to another person (usually called the lessee or tenant) for a fixed or indefinite period of time, whereby the lessee obtains exclusive possession of the property in return for paying the lessor a fixed or determinable consideration (payment).
In law, there are two types of property:
• Real property is land or any permanent feature or structure above or below the surface. Ownership of land is an aspect of the system of real property or realty in common law systems (immovables in civil law systems and Conflict of Laws).
• All other property is considered personal property or personalty in common law systems (movables in civil law and Conflict of Laws), and this property is either tangible or intangible, i.e. it is either physical property that can be touched like a computer, or it is an enforceable right like a patent or other form of intellectual property.
There are three separate levels of rights or interests affecting both forms of property. In descending order of importance, they are:
• ownership,
• possession or
• Control and use.
The legal documents that transfer these rights are respectively: conveyance/transfer, lease/tenancy, and bailment/pledge for tangible Personal property, assignments and licenses for intangibles.

The changes in operational approach and in host-guest relations when the hotel and the guest deal through third parties

Property Management Company is tasking with the responsibility of managing the multiple aspects, which come along with the ownership of real estate. This is much similar to the role of management in any business.

Roles

One important role is that of acting as liaison between the landlord and tenant. Duties of property management companies include accepting rent, responding to and addressing maintenance issues, advertising vacancies for landlords, and doing credit and background checks on tenants. In exchange for the service they provide, property management companies charge landlords a percentage of the gross rent collected each month (typically 3-10%), in addition to lease commissions. If disclosed in the management agreement repair costs may be marked by some property managers. Some property management companies also manage home owner associations (HOAs).
In addition to managing income and expense related activity, property managers may also manage construction, development, repair and maintenance on a property. The direction / Geography of repair/maintenance is quite a large part of a property manager's function. There are many facets to this profession, including participating in and/or initiating litigation with tenants, contractors and insurance agencies. Litigation alone is at times considered an entirely separate function, set aside for trained attorneys. Although a person or persons will be responsible for this in their job description, there may or may not be an attorney working under a property manager. Special attention is given to Landlord/Tenant law and most commonly evictions, non-payment, harassment, reduction of pre-arranged services, and public nuisance are legal subjects that gain the most amount of attention from property managers. Therefore, it is a necessity that a property manager be current with new laws and practices in their given localities, cities and states.

Differences between a hotel as business operating and a hotel as a real estate investment.

The hotel is defined as an establishment that provides paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis. Hotels often provide a number of additional guest services such as an accommodation rooms, restaurants, swimming pool, etc.

Business operations are those activities involved in the running of a business for the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders. Compare business processes. The outcome of business operations is the harvesting of value from assets owned by a business. Assets can be either physical or intangible. An example of value derived from a physical asset like a building is rent. An example of value derived from an intangible asset like an idea is a royalty. The effort involved in "harvesting" this value is what constitutes business operations.

A business operation encompasses three fundamental management imperatives that collectively aim to maximize value harvested from business assets (this has often been referred to as "sweating the assets"):

1. Generate recurring income.
2. Increase the value of the business.
3. Secure the income and value of the business.

The Real estate investing involves the purchase of real estate for profit. Profits are accumulated slowly by renting out properties in a cashflow method, or are generally improved and resold for a capital gain, used primarily in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property. Property law, the area of the common law that governs real property, differs from contract law in that it focuses primarily on rights that one person holds over all other people, as opposed to specific individuals.

Management is all process achieving by humans groups to inquire the implementation and corrects applications in orden to carre out the objectives discussed among enterprises and organization.

Phases of Process Administrative Classic :

1- Planning

2- Organizing

3- Implementing

4- Controlling

5- Direction and feedback

High Management is a internal group of policies and planning that be doing about establishment of the organizational structure and direction from high management, as well as to implement system of internal control adequate, including guidances of staff, which as Humans Resources, informatics and committees.

Line Management normally is responsible for the implantation of the plans and strategies formulated, in order to achieving the incorporated goals and objectives. Strategic plan be create to process, the coordination and achieves of the objectives, which be developing in three levels in one organization:

a) High Management - Incorporate Level

b) Line Management - Division Level

C)Funcional Management - Program Level

High management is conformed from the Administrative Council supported in the auditory committee and internal auditory function, the president and the unities counseling from humans resources, legal counselor and the vicepresidents, in order to implement a planning process.

Line Management is conformed with the follow membership: vicepresidents of the area, whose at the same time given authority delegated to their functional managers, in order to implement the procedures that will be using to carry the plans out.

General Manager

The functions of "General Direction" is the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the employment and manipulation of resources (financial, human, material, intellectual, services or intangible products). Early twentieth-century management writer Mary Parker Follett defined management as "the art of getting things done through people. There are five management functions: planning, organizing, leading, co-ordinating and controlling. The phrase "management is what managers do"

Based on the experience at craft level, good management skills are affect of guest services and operational issues. A Good manager, must have good skills for handling his functions, he will feel more assured for taking important decisions in the daily routine, in situations of administrative risks and services satisfaction to the guests.

Hotel Manager

It is a person, Managing a "business administration", or a Hotel. For Nature of his job the Hotel Manager base his tasks on profit work of the firm; the primary function of management must be satisfy the necessities of the clients and a range of stakeholders for the enterprise. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees).

Concierge

It is a person make registration check in on arrival of the guests, and gives them greeting and welcomed in a polite and helpful way and ask whether he has a reservation. And take into account the VIP guests and recognized on arrival, and giving to them treatment according to house procedures, except any special or different instructions give from the management. During the stay of the guests, he taking account all necessaries services for the guests.

Front Office

Staff and management who work in the Front Office form the From Desk department. Front Office and others departments are treated in a helpful and co-orperative way, in order to offer an excellent service to guests.

Reservation

Reservation details are checked for accuracy, including the guests name, arrives date, departure date, room type and deposit paid.

Front Desk Manager:

Report to: Rooms Manager

It is a person who is responsible to running work of the "Front Office". It may also refer to other divisions in the hotel that involves interactions with guests. His job is based on planning, handling, organizing, coordinating and controlling; all the functions of the From Desk as the proposing to offering satisfy a range of services for the guests, and also handling and proving to the staff the tools necessaries to their tasks.
Skills:
• Leadership Qualities
• Common sense
• Knowledge Literature Computer
• Aptitude to take decisions
• Talent and dynamism
• Good management skills
• Punctuality
• Enthusiasm
• Capacity analysis
• Excellent height level of languages •
• Good human relations and interpersonal relations

Duties:
• It is responsible to communicates, what is the staffing necessary to carry out the tasks at the From Desk.
• Supervising and controlling the tasks of the employees of the reception department.
• To coordinate the shifts and works according to the schedules.
• To verify the disponibility daily and depending of it, make or check the allowance for the day.
• Handling and listing complaints of the guests and providing them a satisfier answer through to follow those requests.
• Short meeting to inform the daily activities according to the need for the day

Supervisor

Report to: Front Desk Manager

It is a person who is in change to supervising and controlling all job of the receptionist join to the From Desk Manager; his function is organizing with the staff of the front desk at the Hotel all necessaries to welcome, registration and taking care of the clients from their arrival until their departure.
Skills:
• Supervising experience
• Knowledge Literature Computer
• Aptitude to take decisions
• dynamism
• Punctuality
• Enthusiasm
• Knowledge of languages •
• Good human relations and interpersonal relations
Duties:
• Supervising the job of the receptionists
• Training them in any time that they
• To control the reports of go wrong (do not work) reporting by housekeeping and gives following-up with maintenance department.
• Contacting or delegating to the receptionists to making call to following up any situation to the guests, regarding to they tasks.
• Report all incidents of any employee of the front desk department.
• To verify check-in daily before and after the arrival to the guests.

Night Clerk:

Report to: Front Desk Manager

It is a person responsible to manager the reception during the night, his functions are equivalent at the from desk manager in this time.

Skills:

• Supervising experience
• Knowledge Literature Computer
• Aptitude to take decisions
• Math skills
• Dynamism
• Punctuality
• Enthusiasm
• Knowledge of languages
• Good human relations and interpersonal relations
Duties:
• Supervise the tarks of Front Office at night.
• Assist the night audit
• To control the reports of go wrong (out of order) reporting by housekeeping and gives following-up with maintenance department.
• making and following up any situation to the guests
• Report and resolve complaint of guests
• Register check-in arrival to the guests during his shift.

Receptionist

Report to: Supervisors of the Front Desk
It is a person who makes registration check in on arrival of the guests, and gives to them greeting and welcoming at the hotel.

Skills:
• Dynamism
• Punctuality
• Enthusiasm
• Knowledge of languages
• Good human relations and interpersonal


Duties:

• Preparing pre-check-in with all information about the hotel and facilities of the hotel.
• Be polite and helpful during the check in and ask whether he has a reservation.
• Take into account the VIP guests and recognized on arrival, and treated them according to house procedures and any special instructions from management.
• During the stay of the guests, take care of all necessaries of services to them.
• Take into account of any request of the guests.

Front desk Cashier

Work for the reception but report to: The Income Auditor

It is a person who makes check out at the departure of the guests, and prepared daily report at the close of each shift. The first step to ascertain net receipts (the difference between cash receipts and cash paids-outs). Once the cashier knows the net receipts figure, it is a nose. Drawers are off (over or short) when the total of cash in the drawer is different from the total of net receipts plus the cashier’s starting bank. Also Front desk cashier drawers serve as the source of petty cash for hotel departments. When small, unexpected expenditures arise, the purchase in often made through petty cash. The petty cash voucher is kept in the cashier’s drawer and treated like it were cash. Once the total of these vouchers reaches some predetermined sum, the general cashier reimburses the front office cashier for their face value. Because petty cash vouchers are held for an extended period, they are referred to as imprest petty cash vouchers.

Skills:

• Knowledge Literature Computer
• Math skills
• Dynamism
• Punctuality
• Enthusiasm
• Knowledge of languages
• Good human relations and interpersonal


Duties:

• Taking care and controlling at the money on his responsibility.
• It must bring back the money at the end of his shift, always in presence of the one witness.
• Inform to the general ledger, currencies need for exchange.
• Report of every lack or excess money in the assets.

The level of staffing at the hotel has to be according the guidelines of the hotel enterprise, but normally can be like this

• General Direction
General managing at the Hotel.
• Management Administrative
Controller
Purchase
Human Resource
• Management Resident
Rooms Division
Maintance and Tasks Operatives
Guest Service
• Management Animation
Entrainment Activities
Show-time
Club Kids
Sports Competition
• Management Marketing and Sales
Sales
Events
Conventions
• Management Food & Beverages
Restaurants
Bars
Cuisines
Banquets
• Management of Rooms
Reception
Reservations
Telecommunications
Housekeeping
Landry

This kind of structure can be using for hotel all-inclusive and others hotels with different plans, but of course, this has been structure a big hotel or resorts.

Reservation

It is a registration and reserve of a room hotel, for short or large period. There are several forms of computerized systems of the different hotels; however, the basis elements to make a reservation at the computer are the followings:

• Code of the Agency
• Date of arrival
• Date of departure
• Time of Stay
• How many children
• How many Adults
• Type of room
• Type of plan for meals
• First Service
• Last Service
• Name of the clients
• Observations
• Ages of the childrens
• Hour of check in
• Hour of check out
• Password of bill
• Nationality

The main functions this department are realizing the reservations of the rooms according to the hotel procedures. (Sales department, walk-ins guests, client direct, by telephone, fax o e-mail, etc.).

In goal of the budget of income, reservations department of the hotel has a fundamental role, due to that; the reservation manager has to taking account the season, as well as the commitments and confidence of the agencies and TT.OO. Also has to be careful about percent of cancellation and “No Show”, with the proposing of make overbooking with prudence and tact necessary, and in fact, to obtain the most quantity available of the rooms possible of the hotel. Naturally has to avoid the overbooking unnecessary, due to that affect the image of the hotel.

Reservation department has three basis functions:

• Make reservations rooms
• Make the forecasting levels occupancies for the future.
• Bring informs to the Management Direction with propose to do the needs adjusts to the Budget.

Central Reservations System

Advent of the computation data, the life type of the people and business world has changed, for that, reason has generated that the reservations department, almost the totality of the hotels has adopted computation systems. Today's companies are all facing challenges. Their system architectures are largely based on a mainframe TPF (Transaction Processing Facility) framework which, while very reliable, and capable of tremendous I/O throughput – has relatively little CPU power, and is exorbitantly expensive to maintain and enhance. The CRO is the physical office or site at which the chain’s reservations operate.

Global Distribution System

A computer reservations system or CRS, is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to travel. Originally designed and operated by airlines, they were later extended to travel agents as a sales channel; major CRS operations are also known as Global Distribution Systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated Global Distribution System companies, and many systems are now accessible to consumers through Internet gateways for hotel, rental cars, and other services as well as airline tickets.

The Global distribution (GDS) refers to all electronic reservations channels which connect to hotel’s reservations system (or they could subscribe to an independent reservations system). Connected to the CRS through switch technology are the world’s major airlines reservations systems. And then connected to the airlines systems are travel agents and on-line subscription services.

List of global distribution systems
The following is a partial list of global distribution systems:
• 1A Amadeus
• 1B Abacus (Asia/Pacific)
• 1E Travelsky (China)
• 1F Infini (Japan)
• 1G Galileo International
• 1J Axess (Japan)
• 1P Worldspan
• 1S Sabre (previously 1W)
• 1U ITA Software
• 1V Apollo (Galileo)
• Atraxis (ex-swissair now EDS)
• Topas (Korea)
• Fantasia (South Pacific)
• N1 Nextres' Iridian Project (Scandinavia)
• SITA's Gabriel
• Ix-Hotel (International)
• TechSpan

Travel Agent

A travel agency is a business that sells travel related products and services to end-user customers on behalf of third party travel suppliers, such as airlines, hotels and cruise lines. Customers of travel agencies include tourists and business travelers. Some agencies also serve as general service agents for foreign travel companies in different countries.
Travel agents have developed dynamic packaging tools to provide fully bonded (full financial protection) travel at prices equal to or lower than a member of the public can book online. As such, the agencies financial assets are protected in addition to professional travel agency advice.
Travel agencies also market and sell train and hotel products. Generally, their goal is to try to fit an ideal schedule onto the requirements of each specific customer.
The phrase travel agency has changed meaning since the emergence of companies like Thomson or Thomas Cook, who are now considered to be tour operators rather than travel agents. The difference is that tour operators manufacture and sell their own holidays whereas independent travel agents sell holidays from all the tour operators without limiting the range they offer to just their own product. The best travel agents deal honestly with a wide range of customers.
In the UK a group of just such travel agents formed a consortium which became known as World choice. Each agency was independently owned, bonded members of ABTA and World choice was the vehicle for both commercial negotiations with the tour operators and also a forum for best practice. In 2006 there were 700 agents in the World choice consortium of independent travel agents
In 2006 World choice, Advantage and Global Travel decided to pool their buying power and formed Triton Travel. This is now the UK's largest travel agency grouping and has over 15% of the UK's travel agency spend.

Last Room Availability

Last room availability technology allows real-time access to a hotel’s reservation data base. The chain’s central reservations system able to access and book rooms on-line, real-time with a given hotel.

Overrides

A manual override is any arrangement that allows a user to take control of an otherwise automatic system or prevent an automatic system from performing its function.

o In traditional sales environments, an override is a commission paid to managers on sales made by their subordinates, usually calculated as a percentage of the gross sales commissions earned by the salesperson.
o Similarly, in multi-level marketing, agents receive a commission on sales made by their down line (recruited agents).

Rep (representative)

The notion of a representative agent is a hypothetical construct in economics. Also is knowing to as Rep, someone to represent a TT.OO or Travel Agency and offer some additional information about hotel destination and outside activities like excursions, expositions, shows, visit to some park attractions, etc.
Its origins can be traced back to the late 19th century. Francis Edgeworth (1881) used the term "representative particular", while Alfred Marshall (1890) introduced a "representative firm" in his Principles of Economics. However, only after Robert Lucas, Jr. (1976) had published his article about econometric policy evaluation, his famous Lucas critique, did representative agents become the dominant macroeconomic approach. Today's representative agent models are characterized by an explicitly stated optimization problem of the representative agent, which can be either a consumer or a producer. The derived individual demand or supply curves are then in turn used for the corresponding aggregate demand or supply curves.

Vision of the future including what services will be linked together and who the major vendors might be.

The explosive growth of this ratio was driven initially by the creation and utilization of robotic software and, more recently, by the rapid growth of consumers' multi-site shopping behavior on the Internet.
With the advent of general public access to the internet, many hotel, airlines and other travel companies began to sell directly to passengers. As a consequence, airlines no longer needed to pay the commissions to travel agents on each ticket sold. Since 1997, travel agencies gradually became victims of disintermediation, the reduction in costs caused by removing layers from the package holiday distribution network.
Many travel agencies have developed an internet presence by posting a website, with detailed travel information. Full travel booking sites are often complex, and require the assistance of outside travel technology solutions providers such as Travelocity, Patheo and Open Fares. These companies use travel service distribution companies who operate Global Distribution Systems (GDS), such as Sabre Holdings, Amadeus and Worldspan, to provide up to the minute, detailed data on tens of thousands of flight, hotel, and car rental vacancies.

Commissionable

It is a proportion of the income for concept of the buy of the hotel services offered to a client (travel agent) and that have been contacted across an agency, hotel or TT.OO. in general is applied for percent.

Late Arrival

One popular piece of nonessential reservation information is the guest’s estimated time arrival. A guest who is planning to arrive late (usually due to a late flight schedule) should ask for this information to be included on the reservation. In this way, the guest is assured that the room will not be sold in the late hours of the night. Without such a designation on the reservation, it is possible that a well-meaning front desk might actually sell the reservation room to another customer thinking that the reservation is not going to arrive.

Very important person (VIP)

VIP’s are personalities or persons, which have be treatment a special upper class and follow up all guests services standard, according to the hotel procedures.

Tour Group (see package)

Is a group of people to arrange a trip through a Tour Leader that is a person in chance to handle and organize all the processing for the travel.

Check-in

Check-in is the process of announcing your arrival at a hotel, airport or seaport.

Check-in is normally required at a hotel in order to obtain a room key and providing a Room Services , the guest has to give a credit card guarantee to cover potential costs duration his staying.

Check-out

A cashier is a person responsible to check out for totaling the amount due for a purchase and then charging the consumer for that amount. Many employers require you to be a cashier in order to move up to customer service or other positions such as produce. Cashiers are at risk of repetitive strain injuries due to the repeated movements often necessary to do the job, such as entering information on a keypad or moving product over a scanner.
A less-current meaning of the term referred to the employee of a business responsible for receiving and disbursing money. In a non-retail business, this would be a position of significant responsibility. With an ever-larger proportion of transactions being done using cash substitutes (such as checks, credit cards, debit cards, etc.), the amount of cash handled by such employees has declined, and this usage of the word "cashier" has been largely supplanted by the title comptroller.

Quality Management (see Total Quality Management Quality Assurance)

Requires a dual view, to buyer of the service (the guest), it is one thing. To the deliverer of service (the hotel through its employee), it is something else.

Late charge

A late fee, also known as a late fine, is a charge levied against a client by an organization for not returning a rented or borrowed item by its due date. Its use is most commonly associated with businesses like video rental outlets and libraries. Late fees are generally calculated on per day, per item basis.
Organizations encourage the payment of late fees by suspending a client's borrowing or rental privileges until accumulated fees are paid, sometimes after these fees have exceeded a certain level.
Significant portions of the revenue of video rental outlets and libraries alike come from the payment of late fees.

Account Receivable

Accounts receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. This is typically done in one person organization by writing an invoice and mailing or delivering it to each customer.
On a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe a business. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credit the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always debit.
Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable.
Accounts receivable departments use the Sales Ledger. Other types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance.

Transient Ledger

(see guest ledger)
Transient ledgers are available at the front desk physically kept there if the system is a pencil and paper one. Computer folios are maintained by a property management system and held electronically. The bills of transited guests are ready whenever the guest appears. Transient guests are usually real persons, city guests are usually not.

Guest Ledger

A ledger is a group of accounts, a group of folios. The bills of registered guest. Credit card companies, travel agencies, airlines, businesses and associations comprise the bulk of the city ledger.

City Ledger

Is nothing more than a ledger, which is maintained for a particular type of accounts receivable, non-registered guests. This is in contrast to the transient or guest ledger, which is a front office record of guests who are currently registered. In decades past, the city ledger was comprised of small receivables, many of them local. Bills of city guests are more like other retailers: billed monthly so something more frequent